SMART CLUSTERS IN THE PORT SYSTEM OF UKRAINE: CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS AND PRACTICAL ORIENTATIONS

Abstract

Introduction. This article explores the prerequisites for the development of Smart Clusters within Ukraine’s port system as a forward-looking vector of technological transformation in maritime infrastructure. The concept of Smart Clustering is based on the convergence of spatial-infrastructural integration with the deployment of advanced digital technologies-such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence, blockchain solutions, and digital twins. This synergy enables a rethinking of port operations through network-based interaction, adaptability, and technological interconnectivity. Purpose. The aim of this research is to substantiate the Concept of Two-Level Smart Clusters as a tool for modernizing Ukraine's port system, capable of ensuring digital integration, environmental sustainability, and scalable interaction with global transport networks, taking into account leading international experience, current technological trends, and the strategic tasks of infrastructure recovery in the post-war period. Results. The paper systematizes theoretical approaches to port clustering, classifies cluster types, and analyzes their impact on port infrastructure efficiency. It highlights the essential role of spatial and infrastructural clustering in enhancing the connectivity of ports with national and international transport corridors. The study introduces the Concept of Two-Level Smart Ports Clusters (TL-SPC) / Two-Level Intelligent Port Clusters (TL-IPC), combining inter-port and intra-port integration to ensure scalability, functional cohesion, and adaptive capacity. Case studies from Europe (North Sea Mega Cluster) and Asia (Greater Bay Area, China) demonstrate the effectiveness of digital synergy within cluster-based port models. The research confirms that two-level clustering acts as a platform for the implementation of intelligent technologies (AI, blockchain, digital twins) and supports the transition toward sustainable, environmentally conscious port operations. The proposed model lays a strategic foundation for transforming Ukrainian ports into high-tech Smart infrastructure nodes capable of continuous digital interaction, efficient resource management, and seamless integration into global transport networks. Conclusions. The findings underscore that clustering is a key instrument in modernizing port systems. The TL-SPC/TL-IPC framework offers structural flexibility, digital integration, and enhanced innovation potential. The transition towards Global Smart Port Clusters (G-SPC) or Global Intelligent Port Clusters (G-IPC) represents the next evolutionary step, emphasizing comprehensive integration into the global transport infrastructure. For Ukraine, this concept offers a system-building foundation for post-war reconstruction and sustainable redevelopment of port infrastructure. It also calls for the development of a National Smart Port Strategy and individualized port development strategies based on specialization and infrastructural capacity.