Transport development

USE OF ECONOMIC GROWTH MODELS TO JUSTIFY THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTERPRISES OF THE MARITIME ECONOMIC COMPLEX

O.B. Girina — 2024-10-07

Introduction. It is argued that R. Solow's model of factor analysis of sources of economic development should be recognized as the basic, most optimal model for modeling the development of problem regions of Ukraine in the conditions of post-crisis recovery. Purpose. This article examines the analysis of the enterprise's investment activity through the prism of economic growth models using the example of the development of the state-owned enterprise "Southern Trade Port". To accomplish this task, the Cobb-Douglas production function is used. Results. The special value of this model is that it takes into account the impact on the volume of production not only of factors of labor and capital, but also changes in the savings rate, population growth and technological progress. The conditions of neutral technical progress according to Higgs, Harrod and Solow, modifications of the production function of Cobb Douglas in different cases are considered. On the basis of the Cobb-Douglas function, calculated for the SE "STP Pivdenny", the conditions of sustainable development of the enterprise are considered. The coefficient of neutral scientific and technical progress, the equilibrium rate of capital investments аre analyzed. Based on the Cobb-Douglas function elasticity coefficients, the actual and equilibrium capital investment rate are also calculated. The average value of the equilibrium rate for the considered period is slightly higher than the average actual rate of capital investments of the port. The marginal analysis of the growth factors of net income showed that the capital return does not change during the considered period and was equal to the marginal productivity of the main productive assets, while the average and marginal labor productivity fluctuate and take different values by the years. This shows that the development of the State Enterprise "STP Pivdenny" has the features of technical progress according to Harrod. Conclusions. The possibility of sustainable development of SE "STP Pivdenny" is being considered under the conditions of compliance with the established equilibrium rate of capital investments in its development.

ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERIA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF SEA TRANSPORT COMPANIES

V.V. Zhykharieva — 2024-10-07

Introduction. The relevance of the research topic is due to the significant impact of environmental factors on the world economy, in particular, the shipping industry, and increased attention from investors, regulators, employees and other stakeholders to the environmental aspects of the activities of transport and logistics companies. Purpose. The article is devoted to the improvement of the methodological and methodical foundations of the development of the corporate strategy of transport companies, taking into account the environmental criteria of sustainable development, based on the analysis of the practical experience of shipping and logistics companies, and the study of new approaches to financing investing in projects directed to the solution of environmental problems in the shipping industry. Results. The practical experience of development the corporate strategy by shipping and logistics companies taking into consideration environmental factors is systematized. The role of The Poseidon's Principles in financing investments related to solving environmental problems in the shipping industry and new instruments for financing investments in projects related to solving environmental problems in shipping based on long-term debt financing are determined. A universal structure of environmental criteria for sustainable development of shipping and logistics companies is proposed. Conclusions. The most important environmental factors for shipping and logistics companies include: emission reduction, wastewater treatment system, decarbonization of supply chains, green fuel and promotion of ship recycling. The practical benefit of The Poseidon Principles, which are widely recognized by the largest financial institutions in the shipping industry, is that companies must measure their emissions annually and publish the results, indicating the extent to which specific measures meet strategic commitments to gradually reduce emissions. To finance projects related to solving environmental problems, it is advisable to attract long-term investments through the targeted issuance of corporate green bonds. The universal structure of environmental criteria for sustainable development for transport and logistics companies should include the formation of environmental policies, plans and periodic review of intermediate goals; creation of an environmental management system; setting deadlines for achieving goals in accordance with the requirements of international organizations and state legislation; an obligation to use only fuel that meets standards and an active focus on reducing fuel consumption; development of ship modification and conversion programs; improvement of operational efficiency; introduction of energy-efficient and decarbonization technologies and equipment; promotion of green recycling of ships; improvement of the ballast water treatment system; support for research, financing, development and implementation of ship facilities to improve the energy efficiency of ships. The integration of environmental criteria into the strategic management of the enterprise helps to ensure a balance between achieving profit and preserving nature, improving the lives of employees and maintaining high standards of corporate responsibility.

DETERMINING THE LOAD OF THE CONTAINER WHEN IT IS FIXED IN AN OPEN WAGON USING PNEUMATIC SHELLS

А.О. Lovska — 2024-10-07

Introduction. Ensuring the efficiency of railway transport at the current stage of development of the transport industry necessitates the improvement of combined systems. Container transport is the most relevant among them today. Containers are transported by rail on flat wagons. The shortage of flat wagons in operation necessitates the use of other types of wagons for container transport, such as open wagons. However, the use of open wagons for container transport requires a reliable scheme of their interaction that would ensure the immobility of containers during transportation. Purpose. Determining the load of a container when it is fixed in an open wagon using pneumatic shells. Results. To ensure the containers' longitudinal stability, pneumatic shells used, which are installed between the end wall of the open wagon and the cont ainer. Mathematical modelling was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of using pneumatic shells for fixed containers in an open wagon. It is established that in order to keep the container accelerations within 20 m/s2, the stiffness of the pneumatic shell should be at least 2500 kN/m. The strength of the container was calculated taking into account the load perception from the pneumatic shell. The calculation results showed that the maximum stresses occurred in the middle part of the side beam and amounted to 326.4 MPa. The maximum displacements in the end wall were recorded at its centre and were equal to 3.8 mm. The results of the calculation allow us to conclude that the strength of the container under the applied loads is not ensured. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the scheme for securing containers in an open wagon. Conclusions. The research will contribute to the development of recommendations for improving the efficiency of rail transport operations.

ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR PISTON TOP DEAD CENTER DETERMINATION IN A PARAMETRIC DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM FOR MARINE DIESEL ENGINES

R.A. Varbanets — 2024-10-07

Introduction. A novel approach to developing a portable real-time parametric diagnostic system for marine engines is proposed. The system leverages modern Android/iOS devices, which receive data from sensors via Bluetooth, perform necessary calculations, and display diagrams and data in real-time. The system under development employs a combination of a gas pressure sensor in the working cylinder and a vibroacoustic sensor, expanding the diagnostic capabilities of marine diesel engines during operation. This solution enables the diagnosis of the fuel injection system, valve timing mechanism, and other engine systems. The objective of this work is to develop a noise-resistant analytical method for determining the Top Dead Center (TDC) position and data synchronization, capable of operating with imprecise input data when testing marine diesel engines during operation. To achieve this, it is crucial to solve the problem of analytical TDC determination, as the system does not use specialized sensors for this purpose. Results. Аn algorithm for TDC determination is proposed, based on the analysis of the original pressure diagram rather than its derivative, minimizing the impact of digital and analog noise. The proposed algorithm for TDC determination and subsequent data synchronization operates without information about the actual compression ratio in the cylinder, which is characteristic of modern engines with variable valve timing. The algorithm also functions with approximate data on charge air pressure, which is refined through iterations. Additionally, a formula for determining the initial TDC position is proposed. Conclusions. The data processing methods presented in this article allow for accurate estimation of indicated power through precise TDC determination, as well as optimal adjustment of engine systems and result monitoring during operation. The proposed approach to real-time marine engine diagnostics offers several advantages over traditional methods. It provides more accurate analysis of the working process, improves control over fuel combustion quality, and helps minimize harmful emissions. This contributes to meeting IMO requirements and opens new possibilities for optimizing marine engine operation, improving their performance characteristics, and reducing negative environmental impact.

OVERVIEW OF PROSPECTIVE DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVING THE DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF VESSEL ELECTRICAL ENERGY SYSTEMS

S.O. Zeleniuk — 2024-10-07

Introduction. The work presents a brief history of the emergence and development of electric ships in the global maritime industry and emphasizes their growing role in our time, which is the result of using those advantages that are characteristic of ships with electric propulsion – environmental friendliness, economy, better operational and dynamic characteristics, etc. Based on the given generalized scheme of the combined electric power system of the electrically driven and its main components, the main factors affecting the change in the characteristics of ship electric power systems (SEPS) during dynamic loads are determined. On the other hand, the local regulators of the constituent parts of the SEPS – the automatic regulator of the rotation frequency of the primary engines, the automatic regulator of the voltage of the generators, the controller of the frequency converter are adjusted in such a way as to ensure the optimal functioning of their regulatory objects mainly in static modes of operation. The next step in the development of automatic control systems (ACS) of the SEPS is the implementation of multi-level systems with their own control strategies, which allows to bring the operational characteristics of ship propulsion systems into compliance with the requirements of classification societies for the parameters of electrical networks during transient processes, which are also given in the article. Numerous studies and proposals for solving such tasks, the number of cited sources and the wide range of issues highlighted in them, allow us to assert that the development and improvement of SEPS for vessels with electric propulsion, as well as their regulators and control systems, will remain relevant for a long time. Purpose. An overview of the available directions for the development of the EPS of vessels with a electric propulsion plants as a whole, parts of these systems, control systems and analysis of such directions for improving the dynamic characteristics of both the systems themselves and their regulators. Results. According to the results of the review, among the main trends that determine the development of electric rowing vessels SEPS, we can mention the use of new energy sources, an increase in the total power of installations and the energy density of their individual components as well, the appearance of powerful short-term impulse loads, the abandonment of electromechanical automation units in favor of electronic devices. On the other hand, the problems of exchange oscillations in multi-unit ship power plants, accidental shutdowns of SEPS during dynamic processes, deterioration of the quality of electricity in ship power networks due to the presence of higher harmonic components caused by the use of powerful static semiconductor converters, are still waiting for their final solution. When modeling dynamic modes, some sources use mathematical models with linearized equations, without taking into account nonlinearities, the properties of which SEPS elements acquire during dynamic loads. Models with single generating units are also used, while the influence of exchange fluctuations is neglected. It was not possible to find studies devoted to the response of automatic regulators to changes in the condition of primary engines due to failures and malfunctions. Most of the proposed ways of improving dynamic characteristics are material- and labor-intensive, require significant periods of time for implementation, and are suitable for promising types of electric vessels. Conclusions. According to the authors of the studied articles, there are a number of problems for electric ships SEPS that arise during dynamic processes. In order to solve them, it is necessary to develop a mathematical model of the SEPS, taking into account the nonlinear properties of the parts of the system that appear in transient modes. After checking and conducting an experiment with the model, it is necessary to develop an adaptive regulator with the inclusion of one of the input signals that would reflect the technical condition of the primary engine. The creation of such a regulator will allow ships with electric propulsion to optimally undergo dynamic disturbances according to the criteria of safety, economy and energy efficiency.

ASSESSMENT OF THE DIMENSIONAL MODERNIZATION OF PASSENGER SHIPS BY THE CRITERION OF THEIR HULL STRENGTH

O.M. Shumylo — 2024-10-07

Introduction. The world cruise market shows a confident growth. This encourages shipping companies to develop and implement strategies to increase the passenger capacity of the fleet, one of which is the modernization of existing ships. Modernization, which focuses on increasing the size – dimensional modernization, should be consistent with various models of ensuring the efficiency of ship operation: ship and shipping safety, functionality and economic efficiency. One of the main factors affecting the safety of the ship and shipping is ensuring the strength of the hull, to which the Classification Societies pay great attention. The leading classification societies of the world, which are members of the International Association of Classification Societies, have developed universal conditions for ensuring the longitudinal strength of the hull, to which the Register of Shipping of Ukraine has joined. One of the key factors that ensures these conditions is the length of the vessel. Determining the optimal length of the vessel and the size of the cylindrical insert is a big problem, the solution of which is the creation of a thorough mathematical model of the modernization of the vessel, which includes sub-models of the vessel's safety, its functionality and economic efficiency. This mathematical model has a target function expressed by indicators of economic efficiency, all other sub-models provide limitations to this function. One of these limitations is the maximum length that is allowed based on the criteria of the strength of the case. Taking into account the influence of force factors that change as a result of elongation, this task is quite difficult. In the work, a study is conducted on determining the maximum permissible length of the vessel during its lengthening, taking into account the influence of force factors, which also depend on the increase in length. Conclusions. An algorithm was obtained for determining the maximum length of the ship, which is provided by the actual moment of resistance of the ship's hull or the increased moment of resistance due to the permissible strengthening of the structure in the area of the middle frame; the regularities of changes in relative bending moments and relative shearing forces during deflection and buckling of the hull are determined.

MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT IN NATIONAL LEGISLATION AND INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

О. V. Kyryllova — 2024-10-07

Introduction. Multimodal transportation is a key component of the modern world transport system, and the corresponding term is gaining more and more importance in the context of the globalization of the world economy and international trade. The experience of European countries, in particular Germany, Poland and the Netherlands, shows that the effective organization of multimodal transportation is one of the key factors of successful integration into the European transport system. Ukraine, adopting this experience, can achieve similar results by intensifying investments in the development of its transport infrastructure, multimodal transport hubs and ports, as well as by improving the relevant regulatory and legal framework. Purpose. To investigate the development of national legislation in the field of multimodal transportation, to identify and analyze terminological contradictions between national and international norms for the regulation of such transportation. Results. The work considers the definition of the concept of "multimodal transportation" in accordance with the UN Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods, which is used in the field of international law and statistics; analyzed the Law of Ukraine "On Multimodal Transportation", which was adopted in 2021; the main innovations of this Law are outlined and its positive aspects are emphasized; attention is drawn to some shortcomings and contradictions of the Law of Ukraine "On Multimodal Transportation", which cause certain issues of a debatable nature, and in the future may cause certain disputes in the legal and organizational aspects of multimodal transportation. Conclusions. The adoption of the Law of Ukraine "On Multimodal Transportation" marks significant changes in the regulatory and legal regulation of this field of activity and is a significant step towards the integration of the country's transport system into the European transport network and the harmonization of the legal framework in the field of transport technologies and systems with international standards. The definition of the term "multimodal transportation" in the Law of Ukraine "On Multimodal Transportation" corresponds to many international norms, and also has its own peculiarities. At the same time, the absence of the concept of "intermodal transportation" in the Law of Ukraine "On Multimodal Transportation" indicates gaps in the adaptation of Ukrainian legislation to modern world and European practices. The definition of the term "combined transportation" through the concept of "multimodal transportation" in the Law of Ukraine "On Multimodal Transportation" and through the concept of "intermodal transportation" in international sources demonstrates a change of concepts and causes a terminological collision, which in the future will have negative consequences for the organization and practical implementation of relevant transportation. The combination of two definitions in one concept of "combined transportation" in the Law of Ukraine "On Multimodal Transportation" that are used in the international context to designate separately "intermodal" and "combined" transportation also proves the fact of terminological inconsistency of national legislation with documents adopted in the EU in terms of multimodal, intermodal and combined cargo transportation. In view of the results obtained in the research and the conclusions drawn, the work recommends certain ways for the further development of multimodal transportation in Ukraine.

DEVELOPMENT MULTIMODAL TRANSPORTATION IN MODERN CONDITIONS

J.V. Shuldiner — 2024-10-07

Introduction. Multimodal transportation is a major element of the modern logistics and transport industry, facilitating to the optimization and efficiency of the movement of cargo and passengers. This type of transportation becomes more attractive for both investors and carriers. Therefore, the study of the possibilities of multimodal transportation in relation to Ukraine is of great relevance. Purpose. The main task of the research is to conduct an analysis of the current state of multimodal transportation and opportunities for their development in Ukraine. For its implementation, it is necessary to analyze the historical aspects of the development of multimodal transportation and determine their main trends in order to understand the prospects for the further development of this type of transportation, including within the framework of logistics chains. It will also be appropriate to study new technologies, approaches and their impact on the optimization of transportation processes. Results. This article examines various aspects of multimodal transportation in modern conditions. Starting with an overview of the history and development of the industry, the article notes the benefits of multimodal transportation, such as efficiency and cost-effectiveness, as well as the challenges it faces, such as technological limitations and legislative aspects. The article also discusses modern trends in multimodal transportation, including the use of the latest technologies and the development of electronic logistics platforms. Examples of successful implementations demonstrate the importance of multimodal transportation for the modern global logistics market. Conclusions. Today, multimodal transportation is already an integral part of modern logistics. Further development of this type of transportation is facilitated by significant technological achievements and innovations. Taking into account the rapidly growing globalization and volumes of international trade, it is worth counting on an increase in the importance of multimodal transportation. Examples of effective approaches to the development of the transport system are the USA and the countries of the European Union, so their experience should be taken into account. These measures will allow full use of the potential of Ukraine as a transit country and, accordingly, will accelerate the country's economic recovery.