Transport development

CURRENT INVESTMENT TRENDS IN THE PORT INDUSTRY

2025-04-10T09:11:48+03:00

Introduction. The tasks of sustainable development of the port industry, which cannot be solved without investing in port infrastructure, determine the relevance of the research of investment trends in the industry. To define the need for investments, economic justification of investment directions and sources of investment financing, it is necessary to study the main factors that affect investment activity in the port industry, and to determine current trends in this field. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to determine investment trends in the port industry at the current stage of its development. Results. The main economic and technological drivers of the investment activity in the port industry in the context of sustainable development have been systematized. Assessment of the dynamics of the gross volume of cargo handled in the ports and the directions of investment in the port infrastructure by cargo segments was carried out. The main trends in the development of investment in the port infrastructure were defined. Conclusions. The main trends in the development of investment in the port infrastructure include: changes in the geographic structure of investments due to the increase in the volume of maritime trade and cargo handled in the seaports of the countries of Southeast Asia and the Middle East; changes in the structure of investments by cargo segments due to the slowdown in the development of container trade and the higher growth rates of bulk dry cargo transportation; increased need for investment in the port infrastructure to eliminate technological constraints associated with increasing size and complexity of sea vessels; changes in the directions of investments for energy transition and sustainable development, intensification of the impact on investment activity of technological changes – digital transformation in seaports and greening of supply chains; change in the orientation of investment activity to the concept for the sustainable development of port companies, which often involves projects with high social value; investments in the industry contribute to the transformation of seaports from multimodal centers to centers of innovation and sustainable development; investments lead to an increase in the role of seaports as an important component of the geopolitical and economic stability of countries and regions; the need for investment in new port areas outside urban areas due to the impact of coastal urbanization on port development.

EFFICIENCY OF USING THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS AS PART OF MARINE POWER PLANTS FOR VESSELS OF VARIOUS PURPOSES

2025-04-10T09:19:24+03:00

One of the topical areas of reducing fuel consumption and harmful substances into the environment is the additional use of thermal energy storage systems based on phase-change thermal energy storages as part of marine power plants, which allow pre-start up engine preparation and general vessel needs. The aim of the research is to determine the thermal energy storage systems efficient use indicators for pre-start up engine preparation and sanitary needs of personnel onboard under conditions of different marine power plants operational cycles. For three types of vessels, namely a cruise ship, a bulk carrier and a tanker, respectively, the use of thermal energy storage systems as part of diesel-electric and diesel plants is considered. The heat of exhaust gases from diesel engines was utilized in silencers-thermal energy storages with a phase change. The energy efficiency of the studied thermal energy storage systems was determined by the heat utilization and relative fuel economy, taking into account the selected materials and operating cycles of marine power plants. The use of thermal energy storage systems in marine diesel-electric and diesel plants at the expense of waste heat from exhaust gases has made it possible to expand the functionality of meeting the needs of power plants and personnel. As a result of mathematical modelling, a database was obtained to recommend the optimal choice of design solutions and operational characteristics of marine power plants with thermal energy storage systems. The use of the selected thermal energy storage materials in the thermal energy storage systems allows to obtain relative fuel savings per voyage on the level from 0.3 to 0.6% for the cruise ship, respectively. When using thermal energy storage system as part of the bulk carrier and tanker marine power plants with selected thermal energy storage materials for pre-start up preparation of the main engine and sanitary needs, the relative fuel savings per voyage is lower than for the cruise ship. So the possibility of more efficient use of thermal energy storage systems in these vessels requires coordination, which is associated with additional needs during the voyage.

INNOVATIVE METHODS AND RESEARCH DIRECTIONS FOR REDUCING SHIP HYDROACOUSTIC NOISE

2025-04-10T09:12:08+03:00

Introduction. Maritime shipping is one of the primary sources of acoustic pollution in the marine environment. Noise generation, caused by mechanical, hydrodynamic, and aerodynamic processes, affects both ship operations and marine ecosystems. Noise emitted by ships creates significant disruptions for marine mammals, interfering with their behavioral and migratory patterns. The primary sources of noise include cavitation of propellers, mechanical vibrations of engines and auxiliary systems, and hydrodynamic turbulence. The development of methods and models for reducing acoustic pollution is regulated by the standards and recommendations of IMO MSC.337(91) and the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC 80).Objective. The aim of this study is to analyze existing approaches and methods for minimizing acoustic noise generated by maritime vessels. The research tasks include studying the technical aspects of hydroacoustic noise generation, proposing new research directions for the development of modern control and management systems for mechanical processes that contribute to acoustic pollution.Results. The article provides an analysis and review of existing approaches to reducing hydroacoustic noise levels, examines the main sources of noise pollution, and assesses their impact on ship structures and the surrounding environment. The author highlights the necessity of conducting scientific research to develop an intelligent monitoring system that enables real-time analysis of ship engine vibrations, acoustic noise levels, and the degree of increased uneven rotation of the main engine crankshaft. This system would optimize engine operation modes and reduce crankshaft unevenness by adjusting one or more parameters, such as speed, course, roll, and trim of the vessel. Consequently, a reduction in both structural and underwater noise levels is expected. Additionally, the system will allow for timely detection of critical deviations in the operation of ship mechanisms. Further research in the development of balancing devices incorporating advanced materials to reduce torsional vibrations and structural noise is also considered promising. Optimization of propeller blade profiles and the use of soundproofing materials contribute to reducing hydroacoustic impact.Conclusion. The increase in acoustic pollution amid the rapid development of maritime transport necessitates integrated technical and environmental approaches. The proposed solutions, aimed at reducing noise and vibration, are promising for modern shipbuilding and navigation. Innovative methods for noise impact reduction improve ship operational efficiency while simultaneously minimizing negative effects on the marine environment.

ANALYSIS OF MODERN METHODS FOR ENSURING LUBRICATION OF THE CYLINDER-PISTON GROUP

2025-04-10T09:12:16+03:00

Introduction. Recently, new systems have appeared on marine engines cylinder liner lubricants from different manufacturers. World leaders the following manufacturers are involved in the production of these systems: Wärtsilä Retrofit pulse lubrication system (RPLS); MAN B&W Lubrication engine control system (LUBECS) and Hans Jansen. Major innovations and technical developments in cylinder systems lubricants boil down to the following: saving cylinder oil; reduction of wear of cylinder liners; – reducing the risk of cold corrosion of cylinder liners; maximum possible operating time in “Slows teaming” mode and “Extra Slow steaming” (mode of long-term operation of ship engines on low loads 50% MCR and ultra-low loads from 10% to 50% MCR). Purpose. Analysis of the approaches of the above-mentioned manufacturers to solving problems of high-quality functioning of cylinder lubrication systems allows us to trace current trends in ensuring optimal lubrication regimes for modern marine diesel engines with increased piston stroke. Solving these problems (according to ship tests of the manufacturers in question) leads to a reduction in cylinder oil consumption by approximately two times. Results. Overview of cylinder oil injection systems into the cylinder, determination of the approaches of a well-known manufacturer of lubrication systems and the difference in supply principles, designed for training ship mechanics – understanding the differences and features of lubrication systems in modern operating conditions (different types of engines, manufacturers, and differences in classes of ships) will help to avoid breakdowns of main engines and financial losses for shipowners. Conclusions. We will consider the methods by which these problems are solved and the assigned tasks are solved in this article.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT PASSENGERS' ENCOUNTER NETWORKS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE RISK OF THE INFECTIOUS DISEASE SPREAD

2025-04-10T09:12:30+03:00

Introduction. Urban public transport is considered as one of the key factors of the spreading of infectious diseases due to the direct interaction of passengers with each other during trips in a confined space. Trying to reduce the risk of disease among the urban population during the global pandemic of the Covid-19 coronavirus, urban passenger transport operators and local authorities have applied a number of restrictions for public transport users – from limiting the number of passengers in the vehicle to completely suspending services. However, currently, there are no substantiated approaches to the effectiveness of applying such restrictions. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study and statistically analyze the encounter networks of public transport passengers in cities from the perspective of the complex networks theory in the context of the possible spread of infectious diseases. Results. Passenger encounter networks of urban public transport can be constructed using known values of the trip O-D matrix elements, which can be obtained from the results of passenger flow surveys. Statistical analysis of passenger encounter networks performed for four urban public transport routes in Zaporizhzhia city (Ukraine) showed that they exhibit the properties of Watts-Strogatz “small-world” networks. At the same time, the average number of passenger encounters with other passengers during a trip increases linearly with the increase in passenger capacity of transit vehicles, passenger transportation volumes per trip, and passenger variability indicators on the route. Conclusions. The revealed properties of passenger encounter networks on urban public transport make it possible to apply to them previously obtained results on the mechanisms of the infectious diseases spread in “small-world” networks. The obtained dependences of the average number of passenger encounters with each other during a trip can be used to justify the introduction of restrictive measures regarding the use of urban public transport and their effectiveness during an outbreak of infectious diseases.

RISK ASSESSMENT OF MARINE CONTAINER TERMINAL TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEM SUSTAINABLE FUNCTIONING DISTURBANCE

2025-04-10T09:12:39+03:00

Sustainable operation of sea container terminals provides the necessary level of container logistics, which is important for the country's transport industry and the competitiveness of Ukrainian ports. For enterprises that are associated with a certain production system and a corresponding set of technical means and technological equipment, sustainable operation is determined by the ability to ensure a certain level of production capacity. For container terminals, such a characteristic is the terminal's throughput capacity. Ensuring a certain level of terminal throughput is based on monitoring and assessing the risks of disruption of sustainable operation for the further development of an appropriate set of countermeasures. A method for assessing the risk of disruption of sustainable operation of a container terminal in the context of its technical and technological system is proposed. The assessment of the risk of sustainable operation of a terminal as a whole involves a step-by-step consideration of the risk of the operation of the technological complex of a particular berth, as well as the risk of the operation of certain technological equipment – taking into account the decomposition of the terminal's throughput capacity and the conditions of its sustainable operation. This approach takes into account a certain influence of equipment and berths on the overall throughput of the terminal. The proposed method is based on existing approaches to risk assessment in various areas, developing them taking into account the essence and accepted criteria for sustainable operation, as well as in an applied direction taking into account industry specifics when forming a system of influence factors, as well as when formalizing the levers of elements (equipment) and subsystems (berths) in the structure of the general (integral) risk of disruption of the sustainable operation of the terminal. Relevant experimental calculations have been carried out to verify the operability of the proposed method and its reliability.

CONTAINER TRANSPORTATION BY FERRY IN THE BLACK SEA AS PART OF THE TRANS-CASPIAN INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT ROUTE

2025-04-10T09:12:46+03:00

Introduction. The container traffic between East Asia and the European Union is one of the largest in terms of volume. The large-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine has led to a decline in the popularity of the so-called “Northern Corridor” – a transport system connecting China with the EU countries, and has forced cargo owners to choose alternative delivery routes. The Trans-Caspian international transport route has again attracted attention as a multimodal route for delivering goods from China to the EU. This route, which passes through several Central Asian countries, is currently a potential alternative to the land logistics chain for transporting goods from China to the EU, which previously ran through the territory of Russia. One of the links of this route is the sea transportation of goods from the ports of Georgia/Turkey to the seaports of the eastern coast of the Black Sea. One option for such a route is a ferry connection between Georgian and Turkish ports with the port of Chornomorsk. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to review container cargo flows moving along the Trans-Caspian international transport route and analyze the prospects for using ferry transportation in the cargo delivery chain. Results. The analysis of transportation has proven that the Trans-Caspian international transport route represents a very promising scheme for Ukraine for the delivery of goods from China, as well as transit transportation between East Asia and the European Union. Despite the competition from the ports of Romania and Bulgaria, rail ferry transportation from Georgia to the port of Chornomorsk has certain advantages and development potential. Conclusions. Rail ferry transportation of containers in the direction of Batumi/Poti-Chornomorsk will allow the Ukrainian transport system to join the functioning of the Trans-Caspian international transport route and will transfer part of the container cargo flow between China and the EU through the territory of Ukraine. Despite this, this type of connection has certain disadvantages that require a more detailed comparison with traditional container transportation by feeder vessels.

IMPROVEMENT OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTECTIVE COATINGS INTENDED FOR THE PROTECTION OF SURFACES OF AIDS NAVIGATION WATER TRANSPORT

2025-04-10T09:12:57+03:00

Introduction. Ensuring global communication is crucial for cargo delivery by water transport within clearly established deadlines. Thus, the reliability of ship radar systems is essential. At the same time, for the reliable operation of radar systems, it is necessary to monitor the condition of their external surfaces, particularly paint coatings. Purpose. Develop mathematical models for predicting the characteristics of polymer coatings intended for protecting the surfaces of ship navigation aids. Results. To create polymer coatings designed for protecting the surfaces of metal structures, particularly the surfaces of navigation equipment, the epoxy oligomer ED-20, cured with polyethylene polyamine (PEPA), was chosen as a binder. To improve the properties of protective coatings, the following were used: a nanodispersed fullerene-carbon black mixture, with a dispersion of 30…40 nm, and trimethoprim, with a dispersion of 5…10 μm. The optimal content of each filler in the polymer volume was determined based on comprehensive studies of the properties and structure of polymer coatings. To ensure the maximum effect in the form of a ratio of the structure and properties of polymer coatings, mathematical models were developed in the work using the Statgraphics Centurion 19 software, which allowed optimizing the composition of differently dispersed fillers in the matrix to ensure the desired functional properties of materials. Conclusions. The rational combination of micro– and nanoscale fillers allowed the structure of the polymer to be changed. This ensured the maximum value of the adhesive strength at separation, which is 42.0 MPa, and impact strength – 17.2 kJ/m2 when introducing trimethoprim into the polymer volume at a content of – 10 pts.wt., and a nanodispersed fullerene-carbon black mixture – 0.050 pts.wt. The developed mathematical models and graphic response surfaces allow us to predict the final properties of polymer coatings. The developed coatings can be used to improve the operational characteristics of ship navigation aids.

JUSTIFICATION OF THE NEED TO INTRODUCE DIAGONAL PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS AT THE INTERSECTIONS OF KHARKIV

2025-04-10T09:13:04+03:00

Introduction. Improving urban mobility is important for the quality of life and the environment of cities. Developing public transport, bicycle paths, and pedestrian areas reduces congestion and greenhouse gas emissions. The organization of pedestrian traffic increases the safety and comfort of movement. Modern solutions include diagonal pedestrian crossings (DPC), which allow people to cross intersections in either direction. They reduce traffic delays and the risk of accidents, making them a popular choice in modern cities. Purpose. This article focuses on the rationale and preliminary assessment of the feasibility of implementing DPC. The absence of such solutions inconveniences pedestrians and increases the risk of accidents at intersections with heavy traffic. The study is based on the analysis of successful international experiences due to local infrastructure limitations. Results. Studies of DPC demonstrate their effectiveness in improving pedestrian safety and reducing conflicts with vehicles. There are examples of successful implementation in many cities around the world. In Ukraine, such crossings have not appeared in all cities, although international experience proves the importance of applying technological solutions to optimize traffic flows and pedestrian safety. The study analyses the possibility of introducing a DPC, using the example of the intersection of Evropeiska – Patriarch Mstyslav – Ostap Vyshnia streets in Poltava. The criteria for its implementation are defined, it is proposed to consider two schemes of crossing the carriageway by pedestrians, traffic modeling is carried out, and the effectiveness of changes in terms of delays, safety, and environmental impact is assessed. Conclusions. The modeling and analysis results of the functioning of the studied intersection indicate the effectiveness of DPC implementation. An average reduction of vehicle and pedestrian delays, fuel consumption, and congestion length by about 10% was found. This confirms the rationality of implementing DPC to optimize intersection capacity and reduce transport costs. Given the high level of traffic in Kharkiv, DPC is a promising solution for improving pedestrian safety and traffic management.