Transport development

MARKETING APPROACH TO MANAGING THE PROVISION OF PROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONAL SERVICES

2025-08-05T10:40:15+03:00

Introduction. Modern transformational processes in Ukraine's education system, caused by globalization and implementation of market mechanisms, require rethinking approaches to educational organization. Research on professional education, directly related to training qualified specialists for the labor market, becomes particularly relevant. There is a need to implement a marketing approach to educational management to ensure that educational services meet the requirements of consumers and employers. The purpose of the article is to theoretically substantiate and identify the features of the marketing approach to managing the provision of professional educational services. Results. The article defines the educational services market as a system of economic relations between subjects regarding the purchase and sale of educational services. The main characteristics of the modern educational services market, the subjects of the professional educational services market are identified and analyzed. The relationship between the professional educational services market and related markets, particularly the labor market, is examined. It has been established that imbalance between supply and demand in the labor market arises due to the insufficiently prompt response of the professional education system to dynamic economic changes. Conclusions. The educational services market is a complex system whose effective functioning requires established interaction between all subjects. The professional educational services market is closely interconnected with the labor market, necessitating harmonization of specialist training with employer needs. The marketing approach to managing professional educational services is an important tool for increasing the competitiveness of educational institutions, allowing timely adaptation of educational programs to market requirements and ensuring high-quality specialist training.

EUROPEAN UNION EMISSIONS TRADING SYSTEM UNDER IMO RULES 2023 AND ITS EFFECT ON DRY BULK MARITIME TRANSPORT MARKET PARTICIPANTS

2025-08-05T10:40:22+03:00

Introduction. This article examines the effect of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) under IMO rules 2023 on dry bulk maritime transport, with a particular focus on chartering practices. The EU ETS, which is entered into force on 1 January 2024, aims to reduce carbon emissions by integrating maritime transport into its regulatory framework. Objective. The study examines the immediate and long-term challenges faced by bulk maritime transport companies in overcoming the complexities of compliance with the scheme. It contributes to a deeper understanding of the impact of the scheme on maritime transport and offers practical recommendations for industry stakeholders to improve compliance and operational efficiency. Results. The specific regulatory changes introduced by the IMO 2023 updates on GHG emission reductions are analyzed and how they differ from previous regulations; the role of EEXI and CII in the context of GHG emission reductions is clarified; the expected economic consequences of the updated rules for dry cargo owners and operators are assessed, in particular in terms of daily operations, costs and profitability, and the level of impact of the new rules on the competitiveness and market positioning of shipbroking companies in the dry bulk sector, taking into account their interaction with dry cargo owners and operators, is determined. Conclusions. The main stakeholders in addressing the research question, the level of their interests and their impact on the functioning of the ETS are characterized. The implementation of the EU ETS significantly affects the dry cargo maritime transport and chartering market in financial, operational and strategic aspects. In financial terms, the costs of purchasing EU allowances (EUA) and incorporating CO2 emissions costs into freight rates impose a significant burden on shipping companies, leading to increased freight rates and operating costs.

RESEARCH ON THE STRENGTH OF THE CONTAINER FRAME OF AN IMPROVED DESIGN DURING LOADING AND UNLOADING OPERATIONS

2025-08-05T10:40:26+03:00

Introduction. To increase the volume of cargo transportation in international traffic, container transportation has become widespread. This is due to the possibility of transporting containers by almost all modes of transport, which significantly speeds up the transportation of goods from the sender to the recipient. At the same time, containers are damaged during operation, which necessitates the implementation of unscheduled types of their repairs, and, accordingly, additional costs for maintenance in operation. Purpose. Research into the strength of a container frame of improved design during loading and unloading operations. Results. To ensure the safety of containers in operation, it is proposed to improve the design of their frame by introducing braces and horizontal belts. In order to determine the internal force factors that arise in the container frame when it is lifted by the upper fittings, a calculation was performed in the PC “Lira – SAPR”. The study was conducted on the example of a universal container of standard size 1 CC. In this case, the container frame was considered as a rod structure, which is fixed to the upper fittings and perceives the vertical load caused by its own weight and the weight of the cargo. Based on the obtained values of the force factors, the profile of the braces and horizontal belts of the container frame was determined. Taking into account the selected profile of the braces and horizontal belts, a spatial model of the frame was built and its strength was calculated. In this case, the finite element method, which is implemented in SolidWorks Simulation, was applied. It was found that the proposed improvement is expedient. This makes it possible to reduce the maximum stresses in the container frame by 7% compared to a typical design. Conclusions. The results of the research will contribute to the creation of recommendations for the design of modern container structures with improved technical, economic and operational characteristics. This, in turn, will allow to increase the efficiency of container transportation, including in international traffic.

PROSPECTS FOR CREATING DIGITAL TWINS OF FREIGHT CARS

2025-08-05T10:40:31+03:00

Introduction The global industry and transport are rapidly moving into the era of digitalisation, which is radically changing approaches to the production, operation and maintenance of railway transport. Ukraine, as part of the global market, is also actively implementing innovative solutions. Rail transport is the circulatory system of the Ukrainian economy and logistics, combining strategic, economic and social functions. Relevance. A digital twin is a virtual copy of a physical object, process or service that is constantly updated with data from the real world. In the case of a freight car, its digital twin may include detailed information about its technical condition, operating history, current location, load, and other important parameters. The purpose of the study. The purpose of this research is to study in depth the prospects for the creation and implementation of digital twins of freight cars in the railway transport industry of Ukraine. The relevance of the study is due to the need to increase the efficiency of rolling stock operation, optimise maintenance processes and predict possible malfunctions. Results. An approach to design based on a digital twin has been introduced, which will provide an end-to-end design workflow in a single information space regardless of the software systems used to calculate the components and systems of freight cars, and a block diagram of the operation of a digital twin of a freight car has been constructed. Conclusions. Modelling various operating scenarios on virtual copies allows optimising maintenance and repair modes. Scientifically based algorithms integrated into digital twins contribute to the early detection of potential malfunctions. Applied conclusions indicate the possibility of a significant reduction in maintenance and repair costs. The introduction of digital twins allows for optimised planning of repair work and reduced downtime for wagons.

INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR OPTIMIZING ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN MARITIME TRANSPORT

2025-08-05T10:40:37+03:00

Introduction. The energy efficiency of maritime transport is a key research area due to growing environmental regulations and the need to optimize fuel consumption. Although shipping is a vital sector of the global economy, it is also a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, particularly CO₂, NO2, and SO2. To mitigate these impacts, organizations like the International Maritime Organization (IMO) have established regulatory measures to enhance fleet efficiency. Key initiatives include the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) for new ships, the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) for operational improvements, and the Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI) for assessing in-service performance. Alongside regulations, emerging technologies such as digital twins, predictive analytics, AI-driven control systems, and alternative fuels are gaining importance. These innovations optimize ship performance by leveraging real-time data and environmental conditions, reducing fuel consumption and emissions. Additional strategies, including hybrid propulsion systems, fuel-efficient hull coatings, and advanced energy recovery technologies, contribute to improving energy efficiency. However, largescale adoption faces challenges such as high capital costs, infrastructure limitations, and the need for specialized training. Purpose. This study aims to examine innovative technologies, regulatory frameworks, and predictive modeling methods for optimizing energy use in maritime transport. It evaluates the impact of international standards (EEDI, SEEMP, EEOI) and advanced solutions like digital twins, machine learning, alternative fuels, and intelligent management systems. The focus is on their role in reducing fuel consumption, emissions, and improving overall sustainability. Results. Findings suggest that integrated approaches significantly lower fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions. The study confirms that digital technologies and energy management systems enhance ship efficiency by optimizing routes, speed, and engine loads in real time. Furthermore, the shift to alternative fuels such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), methanol, and hydrogen holds promise for reducing emissions, though it requires substantial investments and technological adaptation. Conclusions. The combination of regulations, technological innovations, and predictive modeling is crucial for achieving maritime energy efficiency. These methods optimize fuel use while promoting environmental sustainability. Future research should focus on refining energy efficiency forecasting models and developing adaptation strategies for stricter environmental standards. Further investigation into alternative fuel viability and hybrid propulsion optimization is necessary to facilitate a cost-effective transition to low-carbon shipping.

ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFICIENCY OF USING FUELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN IN MARINE DIESEL ENGINES

2025-08-05T10:40:43+03:00

Introduction. One of the negative factors affecting the environment when using petroleum-based fuels in marine diesel engines is the emission of harmful substances that are part of the exhaust gases. It is because of this that alternative fuels, including fuels of biological origin, are increasingly being used in the power plants of marine and inland waterway transport vessels. At the same time, recommendations for the use of fuels of biological origin do not indicate its optimal concentrations in a mixture with petroleum-based fuels, and do not determine the most effective operating modes of marine diesel engines during their operation on such mixtures. This is an incentive for conducting research to determine the impact of fuels of biological origin on the environmental friendliness of shipping and the energy efficiency of seagoing vessels, as well as the selection of optimal operating modes of marine diesel engines when using mixtures that include fuels of biological origin. The purpose of the study is to determine the impact of bio-fuel on the operational performance of marine diesel engines and to develop recommendations for determining its rational concentration in a mixture with petroleum-based fuel. Results. It was determined that marine diesel engines are not only the main heat engines used on ships of maritime and inland waterway transport, but also sources of emissions of harmful substances with exhaust gases. It is noted that reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide is possible by using fuel mixtures in marine diesel engines that include bio-based fuel. During the studies carried out on Wartsila 6L32 marine diesel engines, RMG500 and DMA10 petroleumbased fuels were used, as well as their mixtures with FAME bio-based fuel. It was found that when using mixtures containing 10–30 % of biological FAME fuel, nitrogen oxide emissions are reduced by 11.20–27.10 %, under the same conditions, carbon dioxide emissions are reduced by 5.31–19.47 %. Conclusions. It was found that the use of fuel mixtures containing biological fuel in marine diesel engines is one of the ways to increase the level of environmental sustainability of seagoing vessels and promote ecological shipping.

USING A HIGH-PRESSURE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION SYSTEM TO ENSURE THE ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF MARINE DIESEL ENGINES

2025-08-05T10:40:48+03:00

Introduction. The movement of sea and inland waterway vessels is impossible without the use of internal combustion engines, which are currently the main generator of mechanical energy. The use of alternative energy sources (solar, wind, as well as energy from various types of batteries) is limited to vessels that make long autonomous navigational crossings. The main type of fuel used in marine diesel engines and subsequently contributes to obtaining effective power is liquid fuel of petroleum origin. The circular operating cycle of a marine diesel engine is impossible without the formation of exhaust gases, which include dangerous toxic components. Marine diesel engines in operation require a constant search for effective ways to reduce the toxicity of exhaust gases, primarily nitrogen oxide emissions. The relevance of this task is confirmed by the requirements of international and national conventions that regulate the content of nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases depending on the type of diesel engine and the year of construction of the vessel. Ensuring the requirements of these conventions is possible by using various methods, one of which is exhaust gas recirculation. The purpose of the study is to determine the impact of the high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation system on the environmental performance of a low-speed marine diesel engine. Results. To consider the issue of ensuring the environmental performance of marine diesel engines by using high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation systems. The features of high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation systems installed on high-power low-speed marine diesel engines are highlighted. The results of research carried out on the 8G60ME MAN Diesel low-speed marine diesel engine equipped with a high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation system are presented. The design feature of these systems is the return of a certain amount of exhaust gases past the gas turbocharger to the diesel cylinder. This contributes to the deterioration of the composition of the fuel-air mixture in the cylinder and, therefore, reduces the combustion temperature. It is this phenomenon that interrupts the chain reaction of the formation of nitrogen oxides and reduces the level of their emissions. Conclusions. It has been experimentally established that changing the degree of exhaust gas recirculation in the range of 5–20 % provides a decrease in the concentration of nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases by 5.7–38.5 %, respectively, depending on the load of the diesel engine. A negative factor in using a high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation system is the increase in temperature loads on the cylinder group and the gas exhaust system of a marine diesel engine.

ENHANCING THE EFFICIENCY OF MARITIME AGENCY OPERATIONS THROUGH THE USE OF NETWORK PLANNING

2025-08-05T10:40:53+03:00

Introduction. One of the most important elements of efficient port operations is maritime agency, which ensures interaction between all parties involved in the transport: shipowner, crew, port authorities and state regulatory bodies. The timely and high-quality performance of the agent's functions has a significant impact on the speed and quality of ship handling in the port. Due to the complication of the cargo delivery process during the period of ship handling in the port and the current demand for automation, there is a need to implement modern management methods, in particular, network planning. Purpose. The aim of the study is to increase the efficiency of the agent's work during the period of ship handling in the port by using network planning, i.e. to develop a network model of the process of ship handling by the agent to identify critical operations and take into account the execution time and identify reserves, as well as to justify the feasibility of introducing digital tools to support agent activities. Results. After the analysis and calculations, a structured network model was built, which includes all the main stages of ship agent services: from receiving a notification of the scheduled arrival of the vessel to completing the documentation after the vessel's departure. As a result of the calculations, the critical path of 34 hours was determined, and time reserves for some operations were calculated. The author also offers practical recommendations for improving the efficiency of the process, including the introduction of digital document processing systems, the use of standardized procedures and artificial intelligence to predict possible delays. Conclusions. The network planning method makes it possible to predict the process of servicing a vessel in the port and allows to increase the efficiency of the maritime agent. Its application reduces the risk of errors, shortens the time of vessel handling and increases the overall level of operational performance of ships and ports. The results of the study may be useful for practical use in Ukrainian ports, taking into account the specifics of the domestic regulatory framework.

MODEL OF COORDINATION OF TRANSPORT FLOWS OF GRAIN TRANSPORTATION BY VEHICLES FROM FIELD TO TEMPORARY STORAGE POINT

2025-08-05T10:40:58+03:00

Introduction. Most of the works have received that the problems of improving the efficiency of use in transport systems of vehicles, preserving grain and bringing it into the product are resolved during the campaign of harvesting grain crops. The purpose is to formulate methodological prerequisites for substantiating the model of coordination of transport flows of transportation of grain by motor vehicles from the field to a temporary storage point. Results. It was obtained that on basis of production opportunities, the cost of harvesting and transportation of grain, the capacity of storage points there is a possibility of solving the problem of determining the optimal plans of harvesting and distribution grain. It is proposed that the volume of transportation of agricultural grain from the field by the campaign to the storage point and the intensity of the variant of the campaign of the field of field harvesting field is characterized only when the production and transportation plan, if there are clear conditions. At the same time, the volume of agricultural grain transportation from the field by the campaign to the storage point describes the component of the production plan, and the intensity of using the variant of the campaign of the field of harvesting agricultural grain – a transport plan. The additions of the target function will be presented in the form of equations, which reflect accordingly production and transport costs for the implementation of the plan. The production and transmission plan is considered acceptable if it satisfies clear conditions and optimal, if, in addition, delivers a minimum of function. The solution of the proposed expressions is to solve the problem of partial integer linear programming and is characterized by a number of specific features. The algorithm involves the construction of such production plans, which is minimal. Since the production plan obtained in the first step is the best from the standpoint of production costs, only a worse production plan can be improved, but getting a lot of savings on transport costs can be achieved. Conclusions. In this article, we show that there are methodological preconditions for justifying the model of coordination of transport flows of transportation of grain by motor vehicles from the field to a temporary storage point. It is established that the model for determining the volume of transportation of threshed grain from combines to a temporary storage point, taking into account the loss of grain when harvesting after optimal agro -termini, considers the operations of harvesting and transportation of grain as a single indivisible process, and allows, thanks to the rational distribution of transport flows of harvesting.

SMART CLUSTERS IN THE PORT SYSTEM OF UKRAINE: CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS AND PRACTICAL ORIENTATIONS

2025-08-05T10:41:05+03:00

Introduction. This article explores the prerequisites for the development of Smart Clusters within Ukraine’s port system as a forward-looking vector of technological transformation in maritime infrastructure. The concept of Smart Clustering is based on the convergence of spatial-infrastructural integration with the deployment of advanced digital technologies-such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence, blockchain solutions, and digital twins. This synergy enables a rethinking of port operations through network-based interaction, adaptability, and technological interconnectivity. Purpose. The aim of this research is to substantiate the Concept of Two-Level Smart Clusters as a tool for modernizing Ukraine's port system, capable of ensuring digital integration, environmental sustainability, and scalable interaction with global transport networks, taking into account leading international experience, current technological trends, and the strategic tasks of infrastructure recovery in the post-war period. Results. The paper systematizes theoretical approaches to port clustering, classifies cluster types, and analyzes their impact on port infrastructure efficiency. It highlights the essential role of spatial and infrastructural clustering in enhancing the connectivity of ports with national and international transport corridors. The study introduces the Concept of Two-Level Smart Ports Clusters (TL-SPC) / Two-Level Intelligent Port Clusters (TL-IPC), combining inter-port and intra-port integration to ensure scalability, functional cohesion, and adaptive capacity. Case studies from Europe (North Sea Mega Cluster) and Asia (Greater Bay Area, China) demonstrate the effectiveness of digital synergy within cluster-based port models. The research confirms that two-level clustering acts as a platform for the implementation of intelligent technologies (AI, blockchain, digital twins) and supports the transition toward sustainable, environmentally conscious port operations. The proposed model lays a strategic foundation for transforming Ukrainian ports into high-tech Smart infrastructure nodes capable of continuous digital interaction, efficient resource management, and seamless integration into global transport networks. Conclusions. The findings underscore that clustering is a key instrument in modernizing port systems. The TL-SPC/TL-IPC framework offers structural flexibility, digital integration, and enhanced innovation potential. The transition towards Global Smart Port Clusters (G-SPC) or Global Intelligent Port Clusters (G-IPC) represents the next evolutionary step, emphasizing comprehensive integration into the global transport infrastructure. For Ukraine, this concept offers a system-building foundation for post-war reconstruction and sustainable redevelopment of port infrastructure. It also calls for the development of a National Smart Port Strategy and individualized port development strategies based on specialization and infrastructural capacity.

INFRASTRUCTURAL PROBLEMS OF IMPORT DELIVERY OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN WAR CONDITIONS

2025-08-05T10:41:10+03:00

Introduction. The article explores key aspects of ensuring energy security in Ukraine under martial law, with a specific focus on the supply of diesel fuel, a strategic resource essential for the functioning of the economy and the defense sector. The urgency of addressing energy security issues stems from disruptions in traditional supply routes caused by the outbreak of full-scale military actions, which have necessitated rapid adaptation of Ukraine’s transportation and logistics infrastructure. Purpose. The purpose of the study is to analyze the current challenges of supplying petroleum products to Ukraine, to assess the impact of new customs legislative initiatives, and to substantiate effective transportation and logistics solutions to maintain stable diesel imports during martial law. Results. The research highlights significant changes in the geography of petroleum product supplies after the start of hostilities, including the reorientation towards alternative supply chains and partnerships. The article examines new legislative changes regulating customs clearance for petroleum products, emphasizing their importance in accelerating border procedures and enhancing energy security. The advantages of using flexitanks as an alternative to traditional transportation methods are substantiated, including reduced logistics costs, increased flexibility, and improved operational convenience within the modified infrastructure conditions. Practical proposals for the optimization of petroleum product imports using modern logistical solutions are presented. Conclusions. Ensuring stable diesel supply under martial law requires a flexible, diversified logistics strategy and the rapid adaptation of infrastructure. The new legislative measures and alternative transportation technologies such as flexitanks significantly strengthen Ukraine’s energy resilience during crises. The proposed logistics models provide practical tools for enhancing national energy security under conditions of prolonged instability.

IMPROVEMENT OF OPERATIONAL AND REPAIR CHARACTERISTICS OF CARGO TANK SURFACES OF BULK TANKER-CHEMICAL CARGO VEHICLES BY IMPLEMENTING HYBRID EPOXY-POLYURETHANE COATINGS

2025-08-05T10:41:17+03:00

Introduction. The tanker fleet plays a key role in the resource supply of the world’s leading countries. At the same time, a significant part of the tanker surfaces is in contact with an aggressive environment, which leads to the course of corrosion processes and, as a result, a decrease in the strength of metal structures. This, in turn, can lead to tanker accidents and the risk of environmental pollution. Therefore, new hybrid paint coatings are needed for the reliable operation of the surfaces of ship cargo tanks. Purpose. Thus, the work aims to analyze the structure of polymer materials to create polymer coatings with optimal composition intended for protecting the surfaces of cargo tanks of bulk chemical tankers. Results. To create polymer coatings designed for the protection of ship cargo tanks, the ED-20 epoxy oligomer was selected as a binder, which was cured with hardeners based on aliphatic amines, in particular: polyethylene polyamine (PEPA), triethylenetetramine (TETA), canine 2609. The optimal content of ingredients for creating a hybrid epoxy coating was determined based on comprehensive studies of the structure and properties. To create a hybrid coating with optimal functional properties, it is advisable to use as a binder – epoxy oligomer ED-20 (100 pts.wt.), hardener polyethylene polyamine (10 pts.wt.), polyurethane varnish UR 294 (5-10 pts. wt.). Conclusions. Studying the structure and properties of the created materials made it possible to rationally combine the ingredients to obtain a hybrid coating with optimal properties. Based on the analysis of the obtained X-ray diffraction patterns of the studied samples, it was found that when polyurethane varnish UR 294 is introduced in an amount of (5-10 pts.wt.) into the composition of the epoxy polymer, the average Bragg distance between the layers of molecular links of the epoxy polymer and PEPA increases. At the same time, the impact strength increases from 7.0 kJ/m2 (epoxy matrix) to 11.1-12.0 kJ/m2 (hybrid epoxy-polyurethane matrix). The developed hybrid polymer coatings can be used to improve the operational characteristics of cargo tanks of bulk chemical tankers.